Following Jesus

Insights from “A History of the Bible” by John Barton

John Barton’s book, “A History of the Bible,” challenges traditional views of the Bible’s origins and authorship. Barton, an Oxford professor and Anglican priest, employs historical criticism to analyze the Bible, shedding light on its complex development.

In his book, Barton explores the differences between Jewish and Christian interpretations of the Old Testament. He questions the authorship of the Gospels and the authenticity of Paul’s letters. Barton suggests that certain texts in the Bible were written to deceive readers, and he presents alternative perspectives on the Bible’s compilation and interpretation.

Barton’s book provides valuable insights into the historical context of the Bible and invites readers to critically engage with the text. While it may challenge traditional beliefs, it offers an opportunity for dialogue and deeper exploration of the Bible’s origins and meaning.

One example of Barton’s exploration of the Bible’s historical context is his examination of the different genres of writing found within the text. He highlights the presence of myth, poetry, prophecy, history, and law, among others. By recognizing the various genres, readers can better understand the intentions and purposes of the different biblical authors.

Another aspect that Barton delves into is the social and political circumstances that shaped the development and interpretation of the Bible. For example, he discusses how the Babylonian exile and the Hellenistic period influenced the Jewish understanding of their own history and religious practices. By considering these historical factors, readers gain a deeper appreciation for the complexity of the biblical text.

Barton’s book has received praise from many scholars, both secular and religious, for its comprehensive and scholarly approach to the subject matter. However, it has also sparked debate within religious circles, with some questioning the implications of Barton’s findings on traditional theological beliefs. Despite the disagreements, the book serves as a valuable resource for those seeking a deeper understanding of the Bible’s historical context.

The Bible as a Progressive and Messy Text

The Bible is not a monolithic and static text but rather a progressive and messy collection of writings. When understood within its historical context, certain passages that may seem regressive or problematic today were actually considered progressive for their time.

For example, the Old Testament contains stories and laws that reflect the cultural norms and social structures of ancient societies. While some of these may appear outdated or even morally troubling to modern readers, they were progressive in their historical context. The Bible should be viewed as a record of humanity’s evolving understanding of God and the divine-human relationship.

Progressive Christians acknowledge the limitations of human authors and the cultural biases present in the text. They recognize that the Bible is a product of its time and that not all its teachings are applicable to contemporary society. Books like “The Bible Tells Me So” by Peter Enns and “What Is The Bible?” by Rob Bell further explore these perspectives, offering insights into how the Bible can be understood in a progressive and messy way.

In addition to recognizing the progressive nature of the Bible, it is important to consider the messiness of its content. The Bible contains a wide range of literary genres, including historical narratives, poetry, wisdom literature, and apocalyptic visions. Each genre brings its own unique style and purpose, contributing to the complexity of the text.

Furthermore, the Bible includes diverse perspectives and voices, reflecting the experiences and beliefs of different authors and communities. This diversity can sometimes result in apparent contradictions or tensions within the text. However, instead of viewing these differences as flaws, progressive Christians see them as an invitation to engage in a dynamic and ongoing conversation about faith and spirituality.

How the New Testament Was Compiled

The New Testament, like the Old Testament, was compiled through a process that spanned several centuries. After the Jesus movement had existed for around 300 years, the Western Church undertook the task of compiling the New Testament.

Before the New Testament was canonized, different regions had their own sets of scriptures, known as “local canonicity.” Disputes and discussions surrounded certain books, including Revelation, Hebrews, and James. Christian leaders debated the inclusion of these books, considering factors such as their authorship, theological coherence, and acceptance among the Christian communities.

The Council of Laodicea in 363 CE and the Council of Carthage in 397 CE played significant roles in determining the books included in the New Testament. These councils provided the final authoritative list of books that formed the New Testament as we know it today.

Understanding the process of how the New Testament was compiled highlights the importance of discernment and the prioritization of the love ethic of Jesus. It invites a more nuanced understanding of the authority and interpretation of the Bible, recognizing the human involvement and the need for critical thinking.

In addition to the councils mentioned above, there were also several other factors that influenced the compilation of the New Testament. For example, the writings of early Christian leaders and theologians, such as Irenaeus and Origen, played a role in shaping the emerging canon. The criteria used to determine the inclusion of a book in the New Testament included apostolic authorship or association, theological consistency with established Christian beliefs, and acceptance and usage within the Christian communities.

The compilation of the New Testament was not a singular event but rather a gradual and complex process that involved a combination of historical, theological, and practical considerations. While the councils played a significant role in establishing the canon, it is important to recognize that the process was influenced by a variety of factors and involved ongoing discussions and debates.

Implications for Viewing and Using the Bible

Examining the process of Bible compilation invites a more nuanced understanding of its authority and interpretation. Progressive Christians advocate for a discerning approach to the Bible, recognizing its human origins and the need for critical thinking.

The Bible’s teachings should be examined in light of Jesus’ teachings and the principles of love, justice, and compassion. Recognizing the Bible’s historical and cultural contexts helps shape a more meaningful and relevant interpretation.

It is important to approach the Bible with humility and openness to different interpretations. Engaging with diverse perspectives and engaging in respectful dialogue fosters a deeper engagement with its teachings and promotes personal and societal transformation.

In addition to personal reflection and dialogue, there are practical ways to incorporate the insights gained from understanding the Bible’s history into our lives. Some suggestions include:

• Studying the historical and cultural context of specific biblical passages to gain a deeper understanding of their original meaning and relevance.
• Engaging with commentaries and scholarly works that offer different perspectives and interpretations of the Bible.
• Participating in study groups or book clubs that explore the progressive interpretation of the Bible.
• Applying the ethical principles found in the Bible, such as love, justice, and compassion, to contemporary issues and challenges.
• Supporting organizations and initiatives that promote social justice and equality, inspired by the biblical teachings on justice and compassion.

By viewing and using the Bible in a discerning and open-minded manner, individuals and communities can deepen their understanding of its teachings and apply them in ways that promote positive change in the world.

Conclusion: The Bible’s Compilation and Progressive Christianity

In conclusion, the compilation of the Bible was a complex process that involved careful discernment and selection of texts. Different versions and translations allow readers to engage with the Bible in languages and styles that resonate with them. In progressive Christianity, the Bible holds a central place as a source of inspiration and moral guidance.

Progressive Christians interpret the Bible through the lens of cultural and historical contexts, seeking relevance for contemporary issues. Despite its ancient origins, the Bible continues to hold relevance in modern society, providing a framework for ethical decision-making and promoting social transformation.

The insights from John Barton’s book challenge traditional views of the Bible’s origins and authorship, encouraging critical engagement with the text. Understanding the Bible as a progressive and messy text allows for a more nuanced interpretation that recognizes its historical context. The process of compiling the New Testament highlights the importance of discernment and the love ethic of Jesus.

Viewing and using the Bible in a discerning and open-minded manner promotes a deeper understanding of its teachings and fosters personal and societal transformation. Progressive Christianity invites readers to explore diverse perspectives and engage in respectful dialogue, embracing the complexity and relevance of the Bible in the modern world.